From field to fork: biochar strengthens the entire food system
Corn production is central to U.S. agriculture and food systems, yet its reliance on nitrogen fertilizer creates both economic and environmental challenges. While nitrogen is essential for high yields, corn typically uses less than half of the applied fertilizer. Unused nitrogen increases production costs and contributes to nutrient runoff, groundwater contamination, harmful algal blooms and ecosystem degradation. Producers and communities are seeking solutions that maintain productivity while reducing waste and protecting natural resources.
To address this need, South Dakota researchers developed a biochar-based controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (BCRNF) designed to improve nitrogen use efficiency in corn systems. Biochar, derived from crop residues and forestry byproducts, enhances soil health by retaining water and nutrients. Researchers improved its effectiveness by applying a biodegradable coating that responds to soil moisture, temperature and pH, allowing nitrogen to be released in sync with crop demand. This integrated approach combines biochar’s nutrient holding capacity with controlled release technology to minimize nutrient loss while remaining affordable and farmer friendly.
Results demonstrate meaningful agronomic and environmental benefits. In greenhouse studies, corn treated with biochar showed a 28% yield increase, while field trials achieved an 18% yield increase using biochar. More importantly, nitrogen leaching—a major driver of groundwater pollution—was reduced by 58%. Soil assessments also revealed healthier root systems and improved microbial activity, indicators of stronger long-term soil productivity.
By increasing yields, reducing fertilizer losses, and improving soil health, biochar benefits farmers through higher profitability and lower input waste. At the same time, it protects water quality and ecosystems relied upon by downstream communities. From the farmer’s field to the consumer’s fork, biochar-based fertilizer innovation supports a more sustainable, resilient and efficient food system.
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station | Project supported by Hatch capacity funds; Hatch Multistate capacity funds. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.
